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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Io</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype-based</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Steve Dekorte</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developers</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Steve Dekorte, Jonathan Wright, Jeremy Tregunna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2002<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2002</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">20170906

/ September 6, 2017<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2017-09-06</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Releases_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Releases-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2019.05.22-alpha

/ May 22, 2019<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2019-05-22</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">dynamic</a>, <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>; <a href="ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>; <a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">CLR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD 3-clause</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iolanguage.org/">iolanguage<wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Major <a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iolanguage.org/">Io</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716175739/http://synrc.com/io/index.htm">Io.NET</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="NewtonScript" title="NewtonScript">NewtonScript</a>, <a href="Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a>, <a href="Lua_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Actor_model_middle_history#Actor_programming_languages" title="Actor model middle history">Act1</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Ioke, Potion</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Io</b> is a pure <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">language</a> inspired by <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a>, <a href="Lua_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="Actor_model_middle_history#Actor_programming_languages" title="Actor model middle history">Act1</a>, and <a href="NewtonScript" title="NewtonScript">NewtonScript</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Io has a <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype-based</a> object model similar to those in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">instance</a> and <a href="Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">class</a>. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and it uses <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">dynamic typing</a>. Like Lisp, programs are just data trees. Io uses <a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">actors</a> for concurrency.

</p><p>Remarkable features of Io are its minimal size and openness to using external code resources.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Io is executed by a small, portable <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The language was created by Steve Dekorte in 2002, after trying to help a friend, Dru Nelson, with his language, Cel. He learned that he really didn't know much about how languages worked, and set out to write a tiny language to understand the problems better.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div>

<p>Io's goal is to explore conceptual unification and <a href="Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic languages</a>, so the tradeoffs tend to favor simplicity and flexibility over performance.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<ul><li>Pure <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> based on <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototypes</a></li>

<li>Code-as-data, <a href="Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">homoiconic</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">Lazy evaluation</a> of function parameters</li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li>

<li><a href="Type_introspection" title="Type introspection">Introspection</a>, <a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflection</a> and <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a></li>

<li><a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a> <a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Coroutine" title="Coroutine">Coroutines</a></li>

<li><a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exception handling</a></li>

<li>Incremental <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collecting</a> supporting <a href="Weak_reference" title="Weak reference">weak links</a></li>

<li>Highly <a href="Porting" title="Porting">portable</a></li>

<li>Shared <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">library</a>, <a href="Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">dynamic-link library</a> (DLL), dynamic loading on most platforms</li>

<li>Small <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div>

<p>In its simplest form, Io <a href="Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> is composed of one identifier:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-io mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">doStuff</span>

</pre></div>

<p>Assuming the above doStuff is a <a href="Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">method</a>, it is being called with zero arguments and as a result, explicit parentheses are not required.

</p><p>If doStuff had arguments, it would look like this:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-io mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">doStuff</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mf">42</span><span class="o">)</span>

</pre></div>

<p>Io is a <a href="Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a> language, and since everything in Io is a message (excluding <a href="Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a>), each message is sent to a receiver. The above example demonstrates this well, but not fully. To describe this point better, let's look at the next example:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-io mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">version</span>

</pre></div>

<p>The above example demonstrates message passing in Io; the "version" message is sent to the "System" object.

</p><p><a href="Operator_(computer_programming)" title="Operator (computer programming)">Operators</a> are a special case where the syntax is not as cut-and-dried as the above examples. The Io <a href="Syntax_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax analysis">parser</a> intercepts a set of operators defined by the interpreter, and translates them to method calls. For example, the following:

</p>

</pre></div>

<p>translates to:

</p>

</pre></div>

<p>All operators in Io are methods; the fact that they do not require explicit parentheses is a convenience. As you can see, there is also a little bit of <a href="Operator_precedence" class="mw-redirect" title="Operator precedence">operator precedence</a> happening here, and the precedence levels are the same as with the <a href="Operator_precedence_in_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Operator precedence in C">C precedence levels</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_and_blocks">Methods and blocks</h3></div>

<p>In Io there are two ways of creating <a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a>: methods and blocks. Between them, they are almost identical except for <a href="Scope_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scope (programming)">scope</a>. While blocks have <a href="Lexical_scope" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical scope">lexical scope</a>, methods have <a href="Dynamic_scope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic scope">dynamic scope</a>.

</p><p>Both <i>method</i> and <i>block</i> are <a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div>

<p>The ubiquitous <a href="Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">Hello world program</a>:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-io mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Hello, world!"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">println</span>

</pre></div>

<p>New objects are created by <a href="Cloning_(programming)" title="Cloning (programming)">cloning</a> objects. In Io specifically, a new, empty object is created and only the differences between it and its parent are stored within the new object; this behavior is known as <a href="Differential_inheritance" title="Differential inheritance">differential inheritance</a>. An example of this behavior is shown:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-io mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">clone</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// creates a new, empty object named "A"</span>

</pre></div>

<p>A simple non-recursive factorial function, in Io:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-io mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">method</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">,</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="o">)</span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">to</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foreach</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">)</span>

</pre></div>

<p>Because assignment of <code>res * i</code> to <code>res</code> is the last action taken, the function implicitly returns the result and so an explicit return expression is not needed. The above demonstrates the usage of <a href="Range_(computer_programming)" title="Range (computer programming)">ranges</a>, and doesn't use a <code>for()</code> loop, which would be faster.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/IoLanguage/io/releases">"Io Releases"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iolanguage.org/guide/guide.html#Introduction-Overview">Io Programming Guide</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Io_Programming/Writing_Addons">"Io Programming: Writing Addons"</a>. <i>Wikibooks.org: open books for an open world</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tate_2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tate_2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTate2010" class="citation book cs1">Tate, Bruce (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenlanguagesin00tate/page/60">"Chapter 3: Io"</a></span>. <i>Seven Languages in Seven Weeks: A Pragmatic Guide to Learning Programming Languages</i> (1st ed.). Raleigh, North Carolina: <a href="Pragmatic_Bookshelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragmatic Bookshelf">Pragmatic Bookshelf</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenlanguagesin00tate/page/60">60, 72</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1934356593</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iolanguage.org/guide/guide.html#Syntax">"io guide"</a>. <i>iolanguage.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iolanguage.org">Official website</a></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/IoLanguage">Io</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012010044/http://synrc.com/research/io/index.htm">Io at Synrc Research Center</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/bekkopen/jasmineio">Jasmine.Io</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, Behavior Driven Development (BDD) testing framework for Io</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-14" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Io_(programming_language)&oldid=1280390550">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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